Congressional Majority and Minority Leaders and Whips

Agents of Contention and Compromise

United States Capitol Building
De Agostini/Archivio J. Lange/Getty Images


While the excruciating battles of partisan politics slow the work of Congress - often to a crawl, the legislative process would probably cease to function at all without the efforts of the House and Senate majority and minority party leaders and whips. Often, agents of contention, the congressional party leaders are, more importantly, agents of compromise.

Intent on separating politics from government, the Founding Fathers, after what was truly a "Great Compromise," established only a basic framework of the legislative branch in the Constitution. The only congressional leadership positions created in the Constitution are the Speaker of the House in Article I, Section 2, and the President of the Senate (the Vice President of the United States) in Article I, Section 3.

In Article I, the Constitution empowers the House and Senate to choose their "other Officers." Over the years, those officers have evolved into the party majority and minority leaders, and floor whips.

With 435 members, compared to the Senate’s 100 members, the House majority and minority leaders exercise more political power over their membership than their Senate counterparts. With 435 people—including Democrats, Republicans, and Independents—trying to make mutually agreeable decisions together, House leaders must forcefully, yet diplomatically, coordinate the lawmaking process. In both the House and Senate, the political parties choose all top leadership positions.

Majority and minority leaders are paid a slightly higher annual salary than rank-and-file members of the House and Senate.

Majority Leaders

As their title implies, the majority leaders represent the party holding the majority of seats in the House and Senate, while the minority leaders represent the opposing party. In the event each Party holds 50 seats in the Senate, the party of the Vice President of the United States is considered the majority party.

The members of the majority party in both the House and Senate elect their majority leader at the start of each new Congress. The first House Majority Leader, Sereno Payne (R-New York), was elected in 1899. The first Senate Majority Leader, Charles Curtis (R-Kansas) was elected in 1925.

House Majority Leader

The House majority leader is second only to the Speaker of the House in the hierarchy of the majority party. The majority leader, in consultation with the Speaker of the House, and party whips schedules bills for consideration by the full House and helps set the House's daily, weekly, and annual legislative agendas.

In the political arena, the majority leader works to advance the legislative goals of his or her party. The majority leader often meets with colleagues of both parties to urge them to support or defeat bills. Historically, the majority leader rarely leads House debates on major bills but does occasionally serve as the national spokesman for his or her party.

Senate Majority Leader

The Senate majority leader works with the chairmen and ranking members of the various Senate committees to schedule consideration of bills on the floor of the Senate and works to keep other Senators of his or her party advised of the upcoming legislative schedule. Consulting with the minority leader, the majority leader helps create special rules, called "unanimous consent agreements," which limit the amount of time for debate on specific bills. The majority leader also has the power to file for the supermajority cloture vote needed to end debate during a filibuster.

As the political leader of his or her party in the Senate, the majority leader has great power in crafting the contents of legislation sponsored by the majority party. For example, in March 2013, Democratic Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada decided a measure banning the sale and possession of assault weapons would not be included in a comprehensive gun control bill sponsored by Senate Democrats on the behalf of the Obama administration.

The Senate majority leader also enjoys the right of "first recognition" on the Senate floor. When several senators are demanding to speak during debates on bills, the presiding officer will recognize the majority leader, allowing him or her to speak first. This allows the majority leader to offer amendments, introduce substitute bills and make motions before any other senator. Indeed, famed former Senate Majority Leader Robert C. Byrd (D-West Virginia), called the right of first recognition "the most potent weapon in the Majority Leader's arsenal."

House and Senate Minority Leaders

Elected by their fellow party members at the start of each new Congress, the House and Senate minority leaders serve as the spokesmen and floor debate leaders of the minority party, also called the "loyal opposition." While many of the political leadership roles of the minority and majority leaders are similar, the minority leaders represent the policies and legislative agenda of the minority party and often serve as the national spokesmen for the minority party.

Majority and Minority Whips

Playing a purely political role, the majority and minority whips in both the House and Senate serve as the main channels of communication between the majority leaders and other party members. The whips and their deputy whips are responsible for marshaling support for bills supported by their party and making sure that any members who are "on the fence" vote for the party position. Whips will constantly count votes during debates on major bills and keep the majority leaders informed of the vote count.

According to the Senate Historical Office, the term "whip" comes from fox hunting. During the hunt, one or more hunters were assigned to keep the dogs from straying from the trail during the chase. Very descriptive of what the House and Senate whips spend their days in Congress doing.

President of the Senate

The Vice President of the United States also serves as the President of the Senate. When acting in this capacity, the Vice President has only one duty: to break rare tie votes on legislation before the Senate. While the President of the Senate is empowered to preside over Senate sessions, this duty is usually handled by the Senate Majority Leader. In regular practice, vice presidents only visit the Senate chambers when they think a tie vote may be coming up.

Speaker of the House

The Speaker is the most powerful member of the House of Representatives, and perhaps the most influential lawmaker in both chambers of Congress. Always a member of the majority party, the speakers’ influence depends on both the strength of their personality and ability to win the respect of their colleagues. Exclusive powers of the speaker include:

  • Presiding over proceedings on the House floor
  • Deciding which bills are considered by which committees
  • Assigning newly elected members to influences committees
  • Appointing other party leaders
  • Ruling on all questions of parliamentary procedure 

President Pro Tempore of the Senate

The President pro tempore presides over the Senate when the Majority Leader is absent. As a largely honorary position, the President pro tempore is often given to the Senator of the majority party who has served the longest. The phrase “pro tempore” literally means “for the time being” in Latin.

Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Longley, Robert. "Congressional Majority and Minority Leaders and Whips." ThoughtCo, Feb. 2, 2021, thoughtco.com/congressional-majority-minority-leaders-and-whips-3322262. Longley, Robert. (2021, February 2). Congressional Majority and Minority Leaders and Whips. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/congressional-majority-minority-leaders-and-whips-3322262 Longley, Robert. "Congressional Majority and Minority Leaders and Whips." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/congressional-majority-minority-leaders-and-whips-3322262 (accessed March 29, 2024).